Category Archives: Archaeology

During investigation of Hedrum church by Larvik in the winter of 2023, it was noticed that its hard, medieval lime mortars contained large amounts of slag fragments. By then it was not obvious whether the slag had been deliberately added, for example deriving from bog iron production, or whether it was naturally resulting from the burning of impure limestone at high temperatures. Subsequently, slag was discovered in medieval mortars at several other churches. Slag formation was also seen during contemporary, small-scale burning of impure limestone for restoration purposes. Hence, it became increasingly evident that “native” slag from the limestone itself is an ingredient not uncommon in old, Norwegian mortars. On further investigation and analysis, the significant hydraulic character of such mortars was moreover elucidated. This article discusses slag and other compounds and what effects they have on mortar properties. Continue reading →